Lecture Sheet for Rules of Right Form

       Lecture Sheet for Right Form

For Class Six To Twelve

Arif Khandakar, M.A (English),    Mobile: 01717-446139

Rule-1: Subject 3rd person singular number n‡j Present Indefinite Tense-G g~j verb-Gi mv‡_ s ev es, ies †hvM n‡e| Ab¨ person ev plural number n‡j g~j verb-Gi m‡½ s ev es, ies hy³ n‡e bv|

Structure: Sub + verb Gi Present form + (0 / s / es / ies) + object + evKx Ask|

Example:                                                             

(a) The boy (to eat) ___rice.                                  Ans: The boy eats rice.

(b) He (change) ___ it.                                            Ans: He changes it.

(c) Swanan (sing) ___ a song.                                Ans: Swanan sings a song.

(d) Roith (to be) ____is a student of class 7.

Ans: Roith  is a student of class 7.

(e) All animals (need) ____ water.            Ans: All animals need water.

(e) He (to have) a problem.    =  Ans: He has a problem.

Rule-2: Universal Truth (wPiš—b mZ¨) Habitual fact (Af¨vmMZ Kg©),  eySv‡j Present Indefinite Tense n‡e| G‡K Universal Present Tense-I e‡j|

Example:

(a) The sun (to rise) ___ in the east.                                 Ans: The sun rises in the east.

(b) The earth (move) ___ round the sun.             Ans: The earth moves round the sun.

(c) Day (come) ___ after night.                             Ans: Day comes after night.

(d) The man (to smoke) ____ like a chain smoker.                   

Ans: The man smokes like a chain smoker.

Rule-3: Be verb ej‡Z Avgiv Present Tense-G am, is, are Ges Past Tense-G was, were ‡K eywS| ZvB eªv‡K‡Ui RvqMvq Singular Gi †¶‡Î am, is, was Ges Plural Gi †¶‡Î are, were emv‡Z nq|

Subject + verb to be (am, is, are/ was, were) + object +evKx Ask.

(a) The farmers (be) very industrious.                  Ans: The farmers are very industrious.   

(b) He (be) ill yesterday.                                         Ans: He was ill yesterday. 

(c) Father (be) at home today.                                Ans: Father is at home today.

(d) There (be) many students in our school in 2010.

Ans: There were  many students in our school in 2010.

Rule-4: mvaviYZ Adverb of time Ges frequency; ‡hgb-always, regularly, sometimes, often, generally, daily, everyday, occasionally, usually, normally, nowadays, generally, usually, rarely, frequently, naturally, seldom, constantly, never, once a year, every a week, every year, on a week, BZ¨vw` wKQy Phrase ‡hgbt at times, at present, now and then, all the time, once a week BZ¨vw` ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ _vK‡j Present Indefinite Tense nq|

Example:

(a) Saran always (disturb) ____ the class.           Ans: Saran always disturbs the class.

(b) A good boy (learn) ___his lesson regularly.Ans: A good boy learns his lesson regularly.

(c) He sometimes (to come) ____ here.                Ans: He sometimes comes here.

(d) He occasionally (travel) ____ Japan.             Ans: He occasionally travels Japan.

(e) We usually (get) ____ up at 6 a. m.                 Ans: We usually get up at 6 a. m.

Rule-5:  KZ¸‡jv Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Verb  Av‡Q †hgb t Know, Think, notice, taste, feel, like, love, hope, suppose, hate, want, believe, wish, imagine BZ¨vw` verb Gi  evsjv evK¨ Present Continuous Tense Gi gZ D”PviY n‡jI G‡`i Bs‡iwR evK¨  Present Indefinite Tense Ki‡Z  n‡e|

Example:                                            

(a) He (feel) ___better now. (Avwg fvj Abyfe KiwQ|) Ans: He feels better now.

(b) My brother (to love) ___ the countrymen.    Ans: My brother loves the countrymen.

(c) They (to want) ___ help from me now.          Ans: They want help from me now.

(d) I (to hope) ___ you are well now.                  Ans: I hope you are well now.

(Avwg Avkv KiwQ Zywg fvj Av‡Qv|)                       

(e) He (to believe) ___ me.                                     Ans: He believes me.

Rule-6: Had better, had rather, would better, would rather, must, can, could, may, might, need, dare, have to, has to , used to, (am, is, are, to), able to , allowed to, make, help, late, secondary auxiliary ev modal verb Gi ci wbqg Abyhvqx g~j verb Gi Present form nq| ZLb g~j verb- Gi mv‡_ s ev es e‡m hy³ nq bv wKsev ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

Structure: Subject + modal verb + verb (1) + object+ etc.

Example:                                                             

(a) You had better (to go) ____home.                  Ans: You had better go home.

(b) You would rather (to leave) ____ him alone.           Ans: You would rather leave him alone.

(c) We must (obey) ____ our parents.                  Ans: We must obey our parents.

(d) I need not (to go) ____there.                            Ans: I need not go there.

(e) How (dare) ____ you speak with me?                        Ans: How dare you speak with me?

Rule-7: ev‡K¨ now, at this moment, at the moment, Listen! Look! Right now, this season, this year, continually, perpetually, forever _vK‡j Present Continuous Tense n‡e|

Structure: Subject + am / is / are + verb + ing + object+

Example:

(a) He (read) ____ a novel now.                Ans: He is reading a novel now.

(b) Karim (go) ____ to college now.         Ans: Karim is going to college now.

(c) My mother (cook) ____ then.              Ans: My mother is cooking then.

(d) My parents (stay) ____ in London at this moment.

Ans: My parents are staying in London at this moment.

(e) I (work) ____ at that moment.              Ans: I am working at that moment.

Rule-8: Just, just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Present Perfect Tense n‡e|

Structure: Sub + have / has+ verb (3) + object+ etc.

Example:

(a) He (go) ___ out just now.                     Ans: He has gone out just now.

(b) The train just (reach) ___ the station.            Ans: The train has just reached the station.

(c) Arif already (complete) ___ M.A.       Ans: Arif has already completed M.A.

(d) You ever (be) ___ to Dhaka?               Ans: Have you ever been to Dhaka?

(e) I (see) ___ him recently.                       Ans: I have seen him recently.

Rule-9: AZxZ wb‡`©kK kã ev Phrase; †hgb-ago, long since, last, before, yesterday, last year, before long , long since, long ago, in 1995 , in those days, then, at that time, at the last month , last week , the other day, once upon a time, once, formerly. BZ¨vw` _vK‡j verb Gi Past Indefinite Tense n‡e|

Example:

(a) Roith (leave) ___ home last night.                  Ans: Roith left home last night.

(b) Swanan (come) ___ Kushtia yesterday.          Ans: Swanan  came Kushtia  yesterday.

(c) I (see) ___ Saran long since.                            Ans: I saw Saran long since.

(d) Ten years ago I (live) __ in Paris.                    Ans: Ten years ago I lived in Paris.

(e) A cyclone (break) ___ out last night.            Ans: A cyclone broke out last night.

Rule-10: Tomorrow, The next + Noun _vK‡j Future Indefinite Tense nq|

Example:

(a)  I (go) to Dhaka the next Sunday.        Ans: I shall go to Dhaka the next Sunday.

(b) My friend (come) to school.                Ans: My friend will come to school.

Rule-11: By this time / by + mgq (by morning, by Sunday, etc) _vK‡j evK¨wU mvaviYZ Future Perfect Tense G n‡e|

Example:

(a) They (reach) ___ by this time.               Ans: They will have reached by this time.

(b) He (return) ___ by Monday next.         Ans: He will have returned by Monday next.

c) I (finish) ___ the b0ok by June, 2009     Ans: I will have finished the book by June, 2009

(d) By this time you (hear) ___ the name of Rabindranath.

Ans: By this time you will have the name of Rabindranath.

(e) My father (come) ___ by next month.     Ans: My father will have come by next month.

Rule-12: GKwU Simple Sentence-G `ywU Main verb _vK‡j c‡ii Verb wUi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e|

Structure: Subject + verb+ object+ Present participle (verb + ing).......

Example:

(a) I heard him (to say) ____ this.                         Ans: I heard him saying this.

(b) I have finished (to read) ____ the book.        Ans: I have finished reading the book.

(c) I saw jerry (go) ____ up over the hill.                        Ans: I saw jerry going up over the hill.

(d) I heard the girl (sing) ____ a song.                  Ans: I heard the girl singing a song.

Rule-13: wKQy wKQy Verb Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi c‡i Object ev Complement wn‡m‡e ïay Gerund (Verb + ing) e‡m|  A_©vr H  Verb ¸‡jvi c‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Verb _vK‡j Zvi mv‡_ ing hy³ Ki‡Z nq|

G Verb ¸‡jv njt admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, stop, face, finish, miss, feel , like, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, mention, mind, practice, resist, suggest, like.

Example:

(a) I enjoy (to gossip) ___ with my friends.         Ans: I enjoy gossiping with my friends.

(b) They delayed (to pay) _with my friends.       Ans: They delayed paying with my friends.

(c) She avoids (to meet) ___ me.                           Ans: She avoids meeting me.

(d) I dislike (copy) in the exam.                            Ans: I dislike copying in the exam.          

Rule-14: Can not help, Could not help, with a view to, look forward to, would you mind, addicted , devoted to,  Ges Preposition Gi c‡i ‡Kvb verb _vK‡j  H verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e|

Example:

(a) We went to the library with a view to (read) ___ there.                                        

Ans: We went to the library with a view to reading there.

(b) Would you mind (to stop) ___ gossiping.

Ans: Would you mind stopping gossiping.

(c) Without (work) ___ hard no one can prosper in life.

Ans: Without working hard no one can prosper in life

(d) I cannot help (laugh) ___ hearing it.                Ans: I cannot help laughing/ hearing it

(e) My father is addicted to (smoke)                     Ans: My father is addicted to smoking

(f) The boy is devoted to (study).                            Ans: The boy is devoted to studying.                      

Rule-15: No sooner, Hardly I Scarcely cÖf„wZ Conjunction hy³ ev‡K¨i cÖg Ask Past Perfect Tense Gi n‡j c‡ii Ask Past Indefinite Tense G nq|

Structure: No sooner had + Sub+ verb (3) ---- than +Sub + Past + etc.

Scarcely had+ Sub+ verb+ (3) --- when + Subject + Past+ etc.

Hardly had+ Sub + verb (3) ---when / before + Subject+ Past + etc.

Example:

(a) No sooner had he (see) ____ the police than he (run) ____ away.

Ans: No sooner had he Seen the police than he ran away.

(b) No sooner hat the teacher (enter) ____ the classroom than the students (stand) ____ up.

Ans: No sooner hat the teacher entered the classroom than the students stood up.

(c) Hardly had I (reach) ____ home when it (start) ____ raining.

Ans:. Hardly had I reached home when it started raining.

(d) Scarcely had we (finish) ____ our eating when he (come) ____ to us.

Ans: Scarcely had we finished our eating when he came to us.

(e) Hardly had I (see) ____ the snake, when I (run) ____ away

Ans: Hardly had I seen the snake, when I ran away

Rule-16: ‡h ev‡K¨ Object, Subject Gi RvqMvq e‡m Ges ev‡K¨i KZ©v ev Agent (Subject) Lyu‡R cvIqv hvqbv, A_©vr †Kvb e¯‘evPK Noun hw` Subject n‡j evK¨wU Passive voice Ki‡Z nq|

Structure: Subject + am, is, are/ have, has+ been, was, were, + (v3) + etc.

Example:

(a) My pocket (pick) ____.                                                Ans: My pocket has been picked.

(b) English (speak) ____ all over the world.       Ans: English is spoken all over the world.

(c) He (wound) ____ in the war.                            Ans: He was wounded in the war.

(d) The bridge (build) ____.                                   Ans: The bridge was built.

(e) Rice (cook) in the morning.                           Ans: Rice is cooked in the morning.

Rule-17: hLb GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘i `ywU Dcvwa‡K and Øviv †hvM Kiv nq ZLb cÖ_gwUi ïi“‡Z ïay the emv‡Z nq Ges verb Gi Sigular form nq| Avevi hw` `ywU Dcvwai Av‡M `ywU the e‡m ZLb Verb Plural nq|

Example:

(a) The Headmaster and secretary of the school (to have) ___ tendered his resignation.

Ans: The Headmaster and secretary of the school has tendered his Resignation.

(b) The Magistrate and the collector (to be) ___ efficient officer.

Ans: The Magistrate and the collector are efficient officer.

(c) The manager and marketing officer (be) ___ present there.

Ans: The manager and marketing officer is present there salary.

Rule-18: Measurement of money (UvKvi cwigvY), Unity of distance (`yiZ¡) , Time (mgq)

cÖKvk Ki‡Z Singular Verb (is / was)  e¨eüZ nq|

Example:

(a) One hundred dollars (be) ___ a lot of money for a bottle of wine.

Ans: One hundred dollars is a lot of money for a bottle of wine.

(b) Two hours (be) ___ a long time to wait for a doctor.

Ans: Two hours is a long time to wait for a doctor.

(c) 93,000,000 miles (be) ___ the distance from the sun to the earth.

Ans: 93,000,000 miles is the distance from the sun to the earth.

(d) Fifty miles (be) ___ a long distance.

Ans: Fifty miles is a long distance.

(e) Fifty thousand dollars (be) ___ a big amount.

Ans: Fifty thousand dollars is a big amount.

Rule-19: Causative verbs (make, get, have, help, let, behold, watch, feel, help) BZ¨vw`i †¶‡Î Gi c‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Verb _vK‡j H Verb  ¸‡jvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| G‡`i‡K  Plain infinitive e‡j |

Structure: Sub + make, get, have, let + verb (1) + object+ etc.

Example:

(a) Mother makes the baby (to laugh) ___.          Ans: Mother makes the baby laugh.

(b) Plase let me (to finish) ___ the work.             Ans: Please let me finish the work.

(c) He made me (to keep) ___ standing.               Ans: He made me keep standing.

(d) He got me (to do) ___ it.                                   Ans: He got me do it.

(e) I watched the star (fall) ___.                            Ans: I watched the star fall.

Rule-20: Noun in multitude, Group Noun Ges Pair Noun- Gi ci verb Gi Plural form n‡e|

Example:                                         

(a) The committee (be) ___ scheduled to meet at one o’clock.

Ans: The committee is scheduled to meet at one o’clock.

(b) The jury (to be) ___ going to decide about the matter.

Ans: The jury is going to decide about the matter.

(c) The committee (to be) ___ violently on debating the merits of the proposed system.

Ans: The committee are violently on debating the merits of the proposed system.

(d) The calls (to be) ___ arguing with one another.

Ans: The calls are arguing with one another.                                                      

(e) The jury (to be) ___ divided in their opinions.                                              

Ans: The jury were divided in their opinions.

Rule-21: As well as, with, accompanied with, along with, together with, in addition to BZ¨vw` Øviv `ywU subject hy³ n‡j cÖ_g subject Abyhvqx verb e‡m _v‡K|

Example:

(a) Becon as well as Shakespeare (be) _dead. Ans: Becon as well as Shakespeare was dead.

(b) Swanan along with his father (live) in Nishan More, Kushtia.

Ans: Swanan along with his father (live) in Nishan More, Kushtia.

(c) I with my brother (be) ___ present there. Ans: I with my brother was present there.

(d) They together with me (to help) ___ the poor.         

Ans: They together with me help the poor.

Rule-22: Adjective Gi c~‡e© The em‡j Adjective wU Plural Common Noun G cwiYZ nq| ZLb verb Gi iƒcI Plural i“c (are / were / have)  n‡e|

Example:

(a) The virtuous (to be) ___ always happy          Ans: The virtuous are always happy

(b) The poor (to be) ___ born to suffer.               Ans: The poor are born to suffer.

(c) The pious (to be) ___ always blessed.                        Ans: The pious are always blessed.

(d) The illiterate (to have) _been treated bitterly           Ans: The illiterate have been treated

(e) The rich (be) __ not always happy.             Ans: The rich are not always happy.

Rule-23: ev‡K¨i Subject, ‘A number of’  n‡j Plural verb Avi ‘the number of n‡j Singular verb n‡e|

Example:

(a) A number of people (be) ___waiting to see you.

Ans: A number of people are waiting to see you.

(b) The number of stars in the sky (to seem) ___ countless.

Ans: The number of stars in the sky seems countless.

(c) A large number of countries (be) ___ the members of the United Nations.

Ans: A large number of countries are the members of the United Nations.

(d) The number of computer soft wares (be) ___ increasing every year.

Ans: The number of computer soft wares is increasing every year.

(e) The number of students (be) ___ increasing day by day.

Ans: The number of students is increasing day by day.

Rule-24: Prepositional Phrase hy³ inverted sentence Ges here / there Øviv MwVZ ev‡K¨ subject verb †K AbymiY K‡i| A_v©r, Object Abyhvqx e‡K¨ verb Gi i“c wba©wiZ nq| †hgb t

Example:

(a) There (live) __ a mad in our village.               Ans: There lives a mad in our village.

(b) There (be) __the twenty teachers in our school.

Ans: There are the twenty teachers in our school.

(c) There (go) a student. Ans: There goes a student.

(d) There (be) __many students in our school in 1913.

Ans: There were many students in our school in 1913.

Rule-25: Before Gi c~‡e© Past Perfect tense Ges c‡i Past Indefinite tense n‡e| Avi after Gi c~‡e© Past Indefinite Tense Ges after c‡i Past Perfect tense n‡e|

Structure: (1) Past perfect + before + Past Indefinite.

         (2) Past Indefinite + after + Past Perfect Tense.

Example:

(a) The patent (die) ___ before the doctor came.           Ans: The patent had died before the doctor came.

(b) The patient died after the doctor (come) ___.           Ans: The patient died after the doctor had come.

(c) They arrived here after you (leave) ___.      Ans: They arrived here after you had left.

(d) We reached home after it (start) ___ to raining.

Ans: We reached home after it had started to rain.

Rule-26: Since Gi 1g As‡k Present Tense _vK‡i c‡ii As‡k Past Indefinite Tense n‡e wKš‘  Since Gi 1g Ask Past Indefinite Tense Gi n‡j c‡ii As‡ k Past Perfect Tense n‡e|

Example:

(a) It is many years since I (come) ___ to Dhaka.

Ans: It is many years since I came to Dhaka.

(b) Many years have passed since his father (die) __.

Ans: Many years have passed since his father died.

(c) It was many years since they first (meet) ___.         

Ans: It was many years since they had first met.

(d) It was long since I (see) ___ her last.  Ans: It was long since I had seen her last.

(e) Five years have passed since I (see) ___ you.          

Ans: Five years have passed since I saw you.

Rule-27: it is high time, it is time, wish, fancy BZ¨vw`i c‡i Past Indefinite Tense n‡e|

Example:

(a) I fancy I (turn) ___ pale.                                               Ans: I fancy I turned pale.

(b) It is high time he (change) ___ his bad habits.          Ans: It is high time he changed his bad habits.

(c) I wish I (sing) ___ a song.                                             Ans: I wish I sang a song.

(d) It is time we (leave) ___ the place.                           Ans: It is time we left the place.

(e) I wish I (do) ___ M. A.                                               Ans: I wish I did M. A.

Rule-28: me Perfect Tense G g~jZ verb Gi Past Participle nq| Have, having Ges got Gi ciI verb Gi Past participle nq|

Structure: (1) Sub + got, made, had + noun, pronoun, adjective + etc

Example:

(a) I got the work (do) ___ by him.                       Ans: I got the work done by him.

(b) I have my rice (cook) ___.                               Ans: I have my rice cooked.

(c) I had my letter (write) ___.                               Ans: I had my letter written.

(d) He ran away having (take) ___ the money.   Ans: He ran away having taken the money.

(e) You will have (hear) ___ the name of Haji Mohsin

Ans: You will have header the name of Haji Moksin.

Rule-29: Lest hy³ ev‡K¨ conjunction wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j wØZxq As‡ki Subject Gi c‡i Should e‡m| Zvici g~j verb Gi Base form nq| Lest A_© GB f‡q, cv‡Q, f‡qi, wec‡`i ¶wZi GB AvksKv eySv‡e|

Example:

(a) He ran fast lest he (miss) ___ the train.

Ans: He ran fast lest he should miss the train.

 (b) Walk fast lest you (miss) ___ the class.

Ans: Walk fast lest you should miss the class.

(c) Write quickly lest you (become) ___ late.

Ans: Write quickly lest you should become late.

(d) Read diligently lest you (fail) ___ in the exam.

Ans: Read diligently lest you should fail in the exam.

Rule-30: †Kvb ev‡K¨ hw` One of , Each of, Each, any, every, everyone, every, thing, someone, no one, nothing, anything, some, body, any body, any one, many, either, nether, who, whatever cÖf„wZ Subject A_ev distributive pronoun Ges Indefinite pronoun Gi ci Singular form nq|

Example:

 (a) Nobody (be) ___ here.                                     Ans: Nobody is here.

(b) Everybody (help) ___ when there is a crisis.           

Ans: Everybody helps when there is a crisis.

(c) Somebody (went) ___ to speak to you.          Ans: Somebody wants to speak to you.

(d) Nobody (believe) ___ a liar.                            Ans: Nobody believes a liar.

(e) Everyone (be) ___ allowed.                             Ans: Everyone is allowed.

Rule-31: News, politics, mathematics, physics, gallows, statistics, ethics, economics, innings G k㸇jvi mv‡_ ÔsÕ ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g hy³ n‡q‡Q| Plural A‡_© bq| ZvB G‡`i ci verb Gi singular form nq| Singular Verb ej‡Z ( is, has , was I Verb Gi mv‡_  s / es hy³ nIqv‡K †evSvq|)

Example:

(a) The news (be) ___ shocking to me.                 Ans: The news is shocking to me.

(b) Statistics (be) ___ my favorite subject.          Ans: Statistics is my favorite subject.

(c) Student politics (create) ___ indiscipline in the university campus.

Ans: Student politics creates indiscipline in the university campus.

(d) Mathematics (to be) ___ a difficult subject. Ans: Mathematics is a difficult subject.

(e) Eithics (to be) ___ the study of moral duties principles and values.

Ans: Eithics is the study of moral duties principles and values.

Rule-32: People, cattle, vegetables, goods, circumstances, marks, pains, studies, works, customs, airs, premises, arms, irons, manners, quarries, amends, pliers, tongs, parts, letters, out of sorts, out of spirits, orders BZ¨vw`i ci plural verb e¨eüZ nq| G†`i True Plural noun ejv nq|

Example:

(a) The circumstances (to be) ___ had.                Ans: The circumstances are had.

(b) Caules (to be) ___ grazing in the field.          Ans: Caules are grazing in the field.

(d) Vegetables (give) ___ us energy to live us.   Ans: vegetables give us energy to live us.

(e) No orders (to be) ___ yet been passed.          Ans: No orders have yet been passed.

Rule-33: Scissors, parts, trousers, spectacles G¸‡jv ej‡Z Avgiv `yB As‡k hy³ eywS e‡j G‡`i‡K pair noun ejv nq verb plural nq|

Example:

(a) Scissors (be) ___ necessary to cut clothes.   Ans: Scissors are necessary to cut clothes.

(b) The pauls (be) ___ costly.                                Ans: The pauls are costly.

(c) This trousers (suit) ___ we well.                     Ans: This trousers suit we well.

(d) The spectacles (look) ___ black.                    Ans: The spectacles look black.

(e) Shorts (be) ___ very easy to put on.               Ans: Shorts are very easy to put on.

Rule-34: Die, occur, belong, issue, continue, appear, disappear, wonder, consist, and ensue (AbymiY Kiv).BZ¨vw` Verb Gi Passive voice nq bv |

Example:

(a) His father (die) ___ last year.                          Ans: His father died --- last year

(b) The fog (disperse) ___.                                     Ans: The fog .dispersed

(c) The book (belong) ___ to me.                          Ans: The book belongs to me.

(d) A quarrel! (ensue) ___ at this.                         Ans: A quarrel! Ensued at this

(e) Our family (consist) ___ of five members.    Ans: Our family consists of five members.

Rule-35: Sequence of Tense Abymv‡i †Kvb Complex sentence Gi Principal clause Gi past Tense G _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi Subordinate clause wUI Past Tens G n‡e|

Example:

(a) He said that he (need) ___ some money.         Ans: He said that he needed some money

(b) She replied that she (feel) ___ better.                          Ans: She replied that she felt better.

(c) I found that he (to be) ___ ill.                            Ans: I found that he was ill.

(d) They said that they (to be) ___ in a bad condition. Ans: They said that they were in a bad condition.

(e) She believed that I (help) ___ her.              Ans: She believed that I would help her.

36: Dozen, pair, sheep, deer, cattle G¸‡jv Plural number G¸‡jvi ci verb plural n‡e|

Example:

(a) Twelve dozen (to be) ___ enough for me.     Ans: Twelve dozen are enough for me.

(b) The deer (to be) ___ grazing in the field.       Ans: The deer are grazing in the field.

(c) The cattle (give) ___ us flesh, milk and physical labour.

Ans: The cattle give us flesh, milk and physical labour.

(d) Two pair of shoes (to have) ___ been bought.

Ans: Two pair of shoes have been bought.

(e) Five sheep (to be) ___ there.                            Ans: Five sheep were there.

Rule-37: None of, some of, any of, all of, more of, most of BZ¨vw`i ci uncountable noun _vK‡j Verb singular Avi hw` countable noun _v‡K Zvn‡j Verb plural n‡e|

Example:

(a) None of the thieves (to have) ___ been found.         Ans: None of the thieves has been found.

(b) None of the students (to be) __ going to college.     Ans: None of the students are going to college.

(c) Some of the water (to be) __ pure in Buriganga.       Ans: Some of the water is pure in Buriganga.

(d) Some of the employees (to have) ___ returned.       Ans: Some of the employees have returned.

(e) Many of the boys (be) ___ playing.                         Ans: Many of the boys were playing.

Rule-38: Parallel Structure A_©vr GKB Sentence GKB ai‡bi verb Gi form emv‡bvi wbqg Gi e¨envi|

Example:

(a) I enjoy playing cricket, watching TV and (drive) ___ a car.

Ans: I enjoy playing cricket, watching TV and driving a car.

(b) I have already finished the work and (checking) ___ the result.

Ans: I have already finished the work and checked the result.

(c) The children enjoyed watching TV and (listen) ___ to music.

Ans: The children enjoyed watching TV and listening to music.

Rule-39: wKQy wKQy Verb Phrase Av‡Q †h ¸‡jvi c‡i ing-verb nq| G iKg verb ¸‡jv njt Keen on, admit to , give up, are for, be used to, think about, count on, depend on, rely on, with a view to, leave of, look forward to, insist on, objection to, put off, succeed in, confessed to, accustomed to, approve, of.

Example:

(a) He approves of (know) --- about it.                Ans: He approves of knowing about it.

(b) You should give up (to smoke) ---.                 Ans: You should give up smoking.

(c) We are looking forward to (get) --- good jobs.          Ans: We are looking forward to getting good jobs.

Rule-40: As if, as though (‡hb A‡_©) BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© Present Tense n‡j c‡i Past Indefinite Tense n‡e Ges c~‡e© Past Indefinite Tens --- Past Perfect Tense n‡e|

Structure: (1) Present indefinite + as if/ as though + subject + were / main verb Past form + etc.

N. B. As if/ as though Gi c~‡e© Past indefinite Tense _vK‡j c‡ii evK¨wU  Past Perfect Tense n‡e|

Example:

(a) He talks as if he (to be) ___ leader.                Ans: He talks as if he were leader.

(b) He speaks as though he (know) ___ everything.     

Ans: He speaks as though he knew everything.

(c) She proceeded as though I (not speak) ___. 

Ans: She proceeded as though I did not speak.

(d) He spoke as though he (know) ___all.      Ans: He spoke as though he had known all.

(e) He behaves as if he (do) ___ everything.  Ans: He behaves as if he did everything.

Rule-41: Correlative conjunctions; ‡hgb- Not only but .....also, neither.... nor, either ... or Øviv MwVZ ev‡K¨i †k‡li Subject ev KZ©v Abyhv‡q   Verb e‡m|

 (a) Not only Ahnaf but also his friends (to want) ___ to visit the zoo.

Ans: Not only Ahnaf but also his friends want to visit the zoo.

(b) Not only Piash but also all of the boys (to play) ___ cricket.

Ans: Not only Piash but also all of the boys play cricket.

(c) Neither the teacher nor the students (write) ___ on the blackboard.

Ans: Neither the teacher nor the students write on the blackboard.

(e) Either he or his friends (have) ___ done the work.

Ans: Either he or his friends have done the work.

Rule-42: Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would BZ¨vw` modal auxiliary Gi c‡i verb Gi Present form e‡m|

Example:

(a) You may (come) ___ tomorrow.                      Ans: You may come tomorrow.

(b) I can (do) ___ the work.                                    Ans: I can do the work.

(c) One should (take) ___ care of one’s health.  Ans: One should take care of one’s health.

(d) It may (rain) ___ today.                                                Ans: It may rain today.

(e) He could (do) ___ the sum.                              Ans: He could do the sum.

Rule-43: Information, scenery, machinery, advice, furniture, news, wages, poetry, issue, brick, hair, alphabet, luggage, politics, the United States of America BZ¨vw` k‡ãi †Kvb Plural iƒc †bB| ZvB G‡`i c‡i verb Gi singular form nq|

Example:

(a) The scenery of Cox’s Bazar (to be) __ charming.   

Ans: The scenery of Cox’s Bazar is charming.

(b) The wages of sin (to be) ___ death.                Ans: The wages of sin is death

(c) The news (come) ___ through newspaper.    Ans: The news comes through newspaper.

(d) The poetry (grow) ___ inquisitiveness to know the nightingale world.

Ans: The poetry grows inquisitiveness to know the nightingle world

Rule-44: mvaviYZ `ywU wfbœ ai‡bi Noun ‘And’ w`‡q hy³ K‡i ev‡K¨ Subject Gi RvqMvq em‡j Ges GKwU gvÎ Abyf~wZ ev fvev_© cÖKvk Ki‡j  Gi mv‡_ S / Es hy³ Ki‡Z nq|

Example:

(a) Time and tide (wait) ___ for none.                  Ans: Time and tide waits for none.

(b) Rice and curry (be) ___ our best food.            Ans: Rice and curry is our best food.

(c) Weal and woe (come) ___ by turn.                 Ans: Weal and woe comes by turn.

(d) Tea and coffee (be) ___ my favorite drink.   Ans: Tea and coffee is my favorite drink.

Rule-45: mvaviYZ `ywU †Rvo msL¨v ‘and’ Øviv hy³ n‡q ev‡K¨ subject wn‡m‡e em‡j verb singular nq Ges we‡Rvo-we‡Rvo wKsev †Rvo-we‡Rvo Subject wn‡m‡e ‘and’ Øviv hy³ n‡j verb plural n‡e|

Example:

(a) Two and two (make) ___ four.             Ans: Two and two makes four.

(b) Two and three (make) ___ five.          Ans: Two and three make five.

(c) Three and five (form) ___ eight.         Ans: Three and five form eight.

(d) Four and four (make) ___ eight.          Ans: Four and four makes eight.

(e) Four and six (from) ___ ten.                Ans: Four and six from ten.

Rule-46: 1 je hy³ fMœvsk ev‡K¨ Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j verb singular form n‡e Ges 1 e¨ZxZ Ab¨ digit je n‡j verb plural form n‡e|

Example:

(a) One-third of the mangoes (have) __ been eaten.       

Ans: One-third of the mangoes has been eaten.

(b) Two-thirds of the students (have) ___ come.              

Ans: Two-thirds of the students have come.

(c) One-third of the students (be) ___ given the prize.

Ans: One-third of the students is given the prize.

(d) Two-fourths of the people (to be) ___ poor.   Ans: Two-fourths of the people are poor.

(e) Three-fourths of the people (be) ___ joined the function.

Ans: Three-fourths of the people have joined the function.

Rule-47: ‘as if’ ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i Conjunction wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡j Ges Zv hw` ev‡K¨ †Kvb Am¤¢e Kíbv cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K, ZLb wØZxq ev‡K¨i subject Gi ci ‘were’ e‡m|

Example:

(a) He speaks as if he (to be) ___ mad.                Ans: He speaks as if he were mad.

(b) He acts as though he (to be) ___ a king.        Ans: He acts as though he were a king.

(c) She walks as if she (be) ___ an elephant.      Ans: She walks as if she were an elephant

(d) She looks as if she (be) ___ a moon.              Ans: She looks as if she were a moon.

(e) The prince roared as if he (be) ___ a tiger.    Ans: The prince roared as if he were a tiger.

Rule-48: Point of time (wbw`©ó mgq) eySv‡j since Ges period of time (Awbw`©ó mgq) eySv‡j for e‡m| G‡¶‡Î Present perfect continuous tense n‡e|

Example:

(a) He (read) ___ the book for two hours.                       Ans: He has reading the book for two hours.

(b) It (rain) ___ since morning.                              Ans: It has been raining since morning.

(c) I (play) ___ for an hour.                                                Ans: I have been playing for an hour.

(d) The man (suffer) ___ from fever for 7 days. Ans: The man has been suffering from fever for 7 days.

(e) It (rain) ___ for two hours.                               Ans: It has been raining for two hours.

Rule-49: What, how, when, where, whose, whom, who, why BZ¨vw` Interrogative sentence-G Tense Abyhvqx Auxiliary verb subject Gi c~‡e© em‡e|

Example:

(a) Where you (go) ___ yesterday?                      Ans: Where did you go yesterday?

(b) What (to be) ___ the different religions in Bangladesh?   

Ans: What are the different religions in Bangladesh?

(c) What you (want) ___?                           Ans: What do you want?

(d) How he (come) ___ here yesterday?  Ans: How did he come here yesterday?

(e) Why you (like) ___ traveling?             Ans: Why do you like traveling?

Rule-50: All Gi c‡i Plural verb e‡m wKš‘ cÖev` ev‡K¨ ev Proverbial word Gi c‡i verb singular nq|

Example:

(a) All men (to be) ___ present.                 Ans: All men were present.

(b) All that glitters (to be) ___ not gold.  Ans: All that glitters is not gold.

(c) All boys (work) ___ together.              Ans: All boys work together.

(d) All (face) --- their own fate.                 Ans: All face their own fate.

Rule-51: Complex sentence Gi Subordinate clause wU‡Z hw` than, as.....as, as to, more than BZ¨vw` conjunction _v‡K Zvn‡j Principal clause Past Tense n‡jI Subordinate clause wU †h †Kvb Tense Gi n‡Z cv‡i|

Example:

(a) Mr Helal, Our English teacher, loved me more than he (love) ___ other students

Ans: Mr Helal, Our English teacher, loved me more than he loves/loved other students

(b) Shahin was as intelligent as his sister (to be) ___. Ans: Shahin was as intelligent as his sister was/is.

(c) You were as to your brother (to be) ___.       Ans: You were as to your brother is/ was.

(d) He worked her than he (think) ___.               

Ans: He worked her than he thinks/ thought.

(e) Insan is as popular as Mr Shamim (be) ___.  Ans: Insan is as popular as Mr Shamim is.

Rule-52: Many Gi c‡i a _vK‡j verb Singular n‡e Avi many Gi c~‡e© a em‡j cieZ©x noun I verb plural n‡e|

Example:

(a) Many a man (to be) ___ present in the party.            Ans: Many a man was present in the party.

(b) A great many books (to be) __ bought yesterday.   

Ans: A great many books were bought yesterday.

(c) Many a boy (come) ___ to me for help.                    

Ans: Many a boy comes to me for help.

(d) A great many people (to be) ___ present in the meeting.

Ans: A great many people were present in the meeting.

(e) Many a man (get) ___ the prize of the flattery.        

Ans: Many a man gets the prize of the flattery.

Rule-53: Relative pronoun who/ which/ that Gi ci k~b¨¯’vb †`qv _vK‡j be verb wU relative pronoun Gi antecedent (A_©vr c~e©eZ©x noun/ pronoun) Gi person I number Ges sequence of Tense Abymv‡i n‡e|

Structure: It is + Pronoun/ person + whom hy³ evK¨vsk|

Example:

(a) It is I who (be) ___ present in the class.        

Ans: It is I who am/ was/ will be present in the class.

(b) The students who (be) ___ absent yesterday must stand up.

Ans: The students who were absent yesterday must stand up.

(c) It is you who (be) ___ their teacher.  

Ans: It is you who are their teacher.

(d) This is the book which (be) ___ an effective grammar.

Ans: This is the book which is an effective grammar.

(e) This is the house that (to be) ___ once a storied house.

Ans: This is the house that was once a storied house.

Rule-54: ev‡K¨i Subject hw` wbw®‹q nq Zvn‡j Passive voice nq|

 (a) The work can be (do) ___ within a month.  

Ans: The work can be done within a month.

(b) The book must (finish) ___ immediately.                 

Ans: The book must be finished immediately.

(c) The letter (write) ___ for an hour.                              

Ans: The letter has been written for an hour.

(d) The voice (hear) ___ at midnight.       Ans: The voice was heard at midnight.

(e) The table (remove) ___ at night.         Ans: The table was removed at night.

Rule-55: wbb¥wjwLZ verb+ noun/ pronoun Gi ci k~Y¨¯’v‡b verb †`Iqv _vK‡j Zv infinitive (s + v + n /p + infinitive) n‡e|

 (a) Mother asked me (go) ___ to bed.                  Ans: Mother asked me to go to bed.

(b) He helped me (do) ___ it.                                 Ans: He helped me to do/do it.

(c) My father advised me (read) ___ regularly.  Ans: My father advised me to read regularly.

(d) He requested you (cut) ___ the budget.         Ans: He requested you to cut the budget.

(e) None should (teach) ___ to follow him/ her. Ans: None should teach to follow him/ her.

Rule-56: Gerund, infinitive A_ev verbal noun Gi ci verb singular n‡e|

 (a) (walk)___ in the morning is a good exercise. 

Ans: To walk/ walking in the morning is a good exercise.

(b) (take) ___ physical exercise helps one to be fit.

Ans: To take/taking physical exercise helps one to be fit.

(c) (eat) ___ balanced diet is health rule.                  

Ans: Eating balanced diet is health rule.

(d) The reading of newspaper ___ us a lot to learn more.

Ans: The reading of newspaper helps us a lot to learn more.

(e) Swimming is the best practice to keep body ___.

Ans: Swimming is the best practice to keep body fit.

Rule-57: Ask, demand, desire, insist, prefer, ignore, propose, request, suggest, urge BZ¨vw` present tense G _vK‡j Ges G`‡i c‡i that _vK‡j complement wUi g~j verb Gi present form nq|

 (a) I request that the matter (be) ___ secret.                  

Ans: I request that the matter be secret.

(b) She ignored the suggestion that she (get) ___ more exercise.

Ans: She ignored the suggestion that she get more exercise.

(c) He proposes me that we always (remove) ___ disputes.

Ans: He proposes me that we always remove disputes.

(d) He urges me that we (not barging) ___.Ans: He urges me that we do not bargain.

(e) None suggests that the process (be) _wrong.  Ans: None suggests that the process is wrong.

Rule-58: Principal clause Gi verb wU hw` present/ Future tense Gi nq, Z‡e Subordinate clause Gi verb ‡h †Kvb form n‡Z cv‡i|

      (a)    Mina says/ will say that she (go) ___ back to market.

Ans: Mina says/ will say that she goes back to market.

(b) Luna says that she (study) ___ law.                Ans: Luna says that she will study law.

(c) They will say that none (defeat) ___ him.     Ans: They will say that none defeats him.

(d) I say to him that we (settle) ___ the disputes.          

Ans: I say to him that we will settle the disputes.

(e) Many said to me that time and tide (wait) ___ for none.

Ans: Many said to me that time and tide waits for none.

Rule-59: ‘And’ Øviv hy³ `ywU clause Gi verb GKB tense Gi n‡e| G‡K parallelism e‡j|

(a) He went to market and (buy) ___ a new shirt.               

Ans: He went to market and bought a new shirt.

(b) He was (sing) ___, (dance) ___ and (enjoy) ___.    

 Ans: He was singing, dancing and enjoy.

(c) She has gone and (lock) ___ the door.                       Ans: She has gone and locked the door.

(d) He laughs and (speak) ___ and (cry) ___.     Ans: He laughs and speaks and cries.

(e) You should write, (read) ___ and (memorize) ___.

Ans: You should write, read and memorize.

Rule-60: Main clause Gi verb wU Past tense Gi n‡j Ges c‡ii As‡k next Gi c‡i day, week, month, year cÖf„wZi D‡j−L _vK‡i D³ As‡k would e‡m Ges eªv‡K‡Ui verb wUi Present form nq|

 (a) He said that (buy) ___ a computer the next day.    

Ans: He said that would buy a computer the next day.

(b) I told them that I (go) ___ there.                                 

Ans: I told them that I would go there.

(c) He said that he would (do) ___ better.                      

Ans: He said that he would do better.

(d) I told him that they would (resign) ___ next day. Ans: I told him that they would resign next day.