Lecture Sheet for Right Form
|
For Class Six
To Twelve
|
Arif Khandakar, M.A (English), Mobile: 01717-446139
Rule-1: Subject 3rd person singular number n‡j Present
Indefinite Tense-G g~j verb-Gi mv‡_ s ev es,
ies †hvM n‡e| Ab¨ person ev plural number n‡j g~j verb-Gi m‡½ s ev es,
ies hy³ n‡e bv|
Structure: Sub + verb Gi Present form + (0 / s / es / ies)
+ object + evKx Ask|
Example:
(a) The boy (to eat)
___rice. Ans: The boy eats rice.
(b) He (change) ___
it. Ans:
He changes it.
(c) Swanan (sing) ___ a
song. Ans:
Swanan sings a song.
(d) Roith (to be) ____is
a student of class 7.
Ans: Roith is a student of
class 7.
(e) All animals (need)
____ water. Ans: All
animals need water.
(e) He (to have) a
problem. = Ans: He has a problem.
Rule-2: Universal Truth (wPiš—b
mZ¨) Habitual fact (Af¨vmMZ Kg©), eySv‡j Present Indefinite Tense n‡e|
G‡K Universal Present Tense-I e‡j|
Example:
(a) The sun (to rise) ___ in the east. Ans:
The sun rises in the east.
(b) The earth (move) ___ round the sun. Ans: The earth moves round the sun.
(c) Day (come) ___ after night. Ans: Day comes after night.
(d) The man (to smoke) ____ like a chain smoker.
Ans: The man smokes like a chain smoker.
Rule-3: Be verb ej‡Z Avgiv Present Tense-G am, is, are Ges Past Tense-G was, were ‡K eywS| ZvB eªv‡K‡Ui RvqMvq Singular Gi †¶‡Î am, is, was Ges Plural
Gi †¶‡Î are, were emv‡Z nq|
Subject + verb to be (am, is, are/ was, were) +
object +evKx
Ask.
(a) The farmers (be)
very industrious. Ans:
The farmers are very industrious.
(b) He (be) ill
yesterday. Ans: He
was ill yesterday.
(c) Father (be) at home
today. Ans: Father is at home today.
(d) There (be) many
students in our school in 2010.
Ans: There were many
students in our school in 2010.
Rule-4: mvaviYZ Adverb of time Ges frequency;
‡hgb-always, regularly, sometimes, often, generally, daily,
everyday, occasionally, usually, normally, nowadays, generally, usually,
rarely, frequently, naturally, seldom, constantly, never, once a year, every a
week, every year, on a week, BZ¨vw` wKQy Phrase ‡hgbt at times, at present, now and
then, all the time, once
a week BZ¨vw` ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ _vK‡j Present Indefinite Tense nq|
Example:
(a) Saran always
(disturb) ____ the class. Ans: Saran always disturbs
the class.
(b) A good boy (learn)
___his lesson regularly.Ans: A good boy learns his lesson
regularly.
(c) He sometimes (to come)
____ here. Ans:
He sometimes comes here.
(d) He occasionally
(travel) ____ Japan. Ans: He occasionally travels
Japan.
(e) We usually (get)
____ up at 6 a. m. Ans:
We usually get up at 6 a. m.
Rule-5: KZ¸‡jv
Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Verb Av‡Q †hgb t Know, Think, notice, taste, feel, like, love, hope, suppose, hate,
want, believe, wish, imagine BZ¨vw` verb Gi evsjv evK¨ Present
Continuous Tense Gi gZ D”PviY n‡jI G‡`i
Bs‡iwR evK¨ Present Indefinite Tense Ki‡Z n‡e|
Example:
(a) He (feel) ___better
now. (Avwg fvj Abyfe KiwQ|) Ans: He feels better now.
(b) My brother (to love)
___ the countrymen. Ans: My
brother loves the countrymen.
(c) They (to want) ___
help from me now. Ans: They
want help from me now.
(d) I (to hope) ___ you
are well now. Ans:
I hope you are well now.
(Avwg Avkv KiwQ
Zywg fvj Av‡Qv|)
(e) He (to believe) ___
me. Ans:
He believes me.
Rule-6: Had better, had rather, would better, would rather, must,
can, could, may, might, need, dare, have to, has to , used to, (am, is, are,
to), able to , allowed to, make, help, late, secondary auxiliary ev modal
verb Gi ci wbqg Abyhvqx g~j verb Gi Present
form nq| ZLb g~j verb- Gi mv‡_ s ev es e‡m hy³ nq bv wKsev ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
Structure:
Subject + modal verb + verb (1) + object+ etc.
Example:
(a) You had better (to
go) ____home. Ans: You
had better go home.
(b) You would rather (to
leave) ____ him alone. Ans:
You would rather leave him alone.
(c) We must (obey) ____
our parents. Ans: We
must obey our parents.
(d) I need not (to go)
____there. Ans:
I need not go there.
(e) How (dare) ____ you
speak with me? Ans:
How dare you speak with me?
Rule-7: ev‡K¨ now,
at this moment, at the moment, Listen! Look! Right now, this season, this year,
continually, perpetually, forever _vK‡j Present Continuous Tense n‡e|
Structure: Subject + am /
is / are + verb + ing + object+
Example:
(a) He (read) ____ a
novel now. Ans: He
is reading a novel now.
(b) Karim (go) ____ to
college now. Ans: Karim
is going to college now.
(c) My mother (cook)
____ then. Ans:
My mother is cooking then.
(d) My parents (stay)
____ in London
at this moment.
Ans: My parents are staying in London at this moment.
(e) I (work) ____ at
that moment. Ans: I
am working at that moment.
Rule-8: Just, just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Present
Perfect Tense n‡e|
Structure: Sub + have / has+ verb (3) + object+ etc.
Example:
(a) He (go) ___ out just
now. Ans: He has gone out just now.
(b) The train just
(reach) ___ the station. Ans:
The train has just reached the station.
(c) Arif already
(complete) ___ M.A. Ans: Arif
has already completed M.A.
(d) You ever (be) ___ to
Dhaka? Ans:
Have you ever been to Dhaka?
(e) I (see) ___ him
recently. Ans:
I have seen him recently.
Rule-9: AZxZ wb‡`©kK kã ev Phrase;
†hgb-ago, long since, last, before, yesterday, last year, before
long , long since, long ago, in 1995 , in those days, then, at that time, at
the last month , last week , the other day, once upon a time, once, formerly. BZ¨vw` _vK‡j verb Gi Past
Indefinite Tense n‡e|
Example:
(a) Roith (leave) ___
home last night. Ans: Roith left home
last night.
(b) Swanan (come) ___ Kushtia
yesterday. Ans: Swanan
came Kushtia yesterday.
(c) I (see) ___ Saran
long since. Ans:
I saw Saran long since.
(d) Ten years ago I
(live) __ in Paris. Ans: Ten years
ago I lived in Paris.
(e) A cyclone (break)
___ out last night. Ans: A cyclone broke
out last night.
Rule-10: Tomorrow, The next + Noun _vK‡j Future Indefinite Tense nq|
Example:
(a) I (go) to Dhaka
the next Sunday. Ans: I
shall go to Dhaka
the next Sunday.
(b) My friend (come) to
school. Ans:
My friend will come to
school.
Rule-11: By this time / by + mgq (by
morning, by Sunday, etc) _vK‡j evK¨wU mvaviYZ Future Perfect Tense G n‡e|
Example:
(a) They (reach) ___ by
this time. Ans: They will have reached by
this time.
(b) He (return) ___ by
Monday next. Ans: He will have returned by
Monday next.
c) I (finish) ___ the b0ok by June, 2009 Ans: I will have finished
the book by June, 2009
(d) By this time you
(hear) ___ the name of Rabindranath.
Ans: By this time you will have the name of Rabindranath.
(e) My father (come) ___
by next month. Ans: My father will have come
by next month.
Rule-12: GKwU Simple
Sentence-G `ywU Main verb _vK‡j c‡ii Verb
wUi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e|
Structure: Subject + verb+ object+ Present participle (verb + ing).......
Example:
(a) I heard him (to say)
____ this. Ans:
I heard him saying this.
(b) I have finished (to
read) ____ the book. Ans: I
have finished reading the book.
(c) I saw jerry (go)
____ up over the hill. Ans:
I saw jerry going up over the hill.
(d) I heard the girl
(sing) ____ a song. Ans:
I heard the girl singing a song.
Rule-13: wKQy wKQy Verb Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi c‡i Object
ev Complement wn‡m‡e ïay Gerund (Verb + ing) e‡m| A_©vr H
Verb
¸‡jvi c‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Verb _vK‡j Zvi mv‡_ ing hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
G Verb ¸‡jv njt admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, contemplate, delay,
deny, dislike, endure, enjoy,
escape, excuse, stop, face, finish,
miss, feel , like, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, mention, mind, practice,
resist, suggest, like.
Example:
(a) I enjoy (to gossip)
___ with my friends. Ans: I
enjoy gossiping with my friends.
(b) They delayed (to
pay) _with my friends. Ans: They
delayed paying with my friends.
(c) She avoids (to meet)
___ me. Ans:
She avoids meeting me.
(d) I dislike (copy) in
the exam. Ans: I dislike copying
in the exam.
Rule-14: Can not help, Could not help, with a view to, look forward
to, would you mind, addicted , devoted to,
Ges
Preposition Gi
c‡i ‡Kvb verb _vK‡j H verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e|
Example:
(a)
We went to the library with a view to (read) ___ there.
Ans: We went to the library with a view to reading there.
(b) Would you mind (to
stop) ___ gossiping.
Ans: Would you mind stopping gossiping.
(c) Without (work) ___
hard no one can prosper in life.
Ans: Without working hard no one can prosper in life
(d) I cannot help (laugh)
___ hearing it. Ans: I cannot help laughing/ hearing
it
(e) My father is
addicted to (smoke) Ans: My father is addicted to smoking
(f) The boy is devoted
to (study). Ans: The boy is devoted to studying.
Rule-15: No sooner, Hardly I Scarcely cÖf„wZ Conjunction
hy³ ev‡K¨i cÖg Ask Past Perfect Tense Gi n‡j c‡ii Ask Past
Indefinite Tense G nq|
Structure: No sooner had + Sub+ verb (3) ---- than +Sub + Past + etc.
Scarcely had+ Sub+ verb+
(3) --- when + Subject + Past+ etc.
Hardly had+ Sub + verb
(3) ---when / before + Subject+ Past + etc.
Example:
(a) No sooner had he
(see) ____ the police than he (run) ____ away.
Ans: No sooner had he Seen the police than he ran away.
(b) No sooner hat the
teacher (enter) ____ the classroom than the students (stand) ____ up.
Ans: No sooner hat the teacher entered the classroom than
the students stood up.
(c) Hardly had I (reach)
____ home when it (start) ____ raining.
Ans:. Hardly had I reached home when it started raining.
(d) Scarcely had we
(finish) ____ our eating when he (come) ____ to us.
Ans: Scarcely had we finished our eating when he came to
us.
(e) Hardly had I (see)
____ the snake, when I (run) ____ away
Ans: Hardly had I seen the snake, when I ran away
Rule-16: ‡h ev‡K¨ Object,
Subject Gi RvqMvq e‡m Ges ev‡K¨i KZ©v ev Agent (Subject) Lyu‡R
cvIqv hvqbv, A_©vr †Kvb e¯‘evPK Noun hw` Subject
n‡j evK¨wU Passive voice Ki‡Z nq|
Structure: Subject + am,
is, are/ have, has+ been, was, were, + (v3) + etc.
Example:
(a) My pocket (pick)
____. Ans:
My pocket has been picked.
(b) English (speak) ____
all over the world. Ans: English
is spoken all over the world.
(c) He (wound) ____ in
the war. Ans:
He was wounded in the war.
(d) The bridge (build)
____. Ans:
The bridge was built.
(e) Rice (cook) in the
morning. Ans: Rice is cooked in
the morning.
Rule-17: hLb GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘i `ywU Dcvwa‡K and Øviv †hvM Kiv nq ZLb cÖ_gwUi ïi“‡Z ïay the
emv‡Z nq Ges verb Gi Sigular form nq| Avevi hw` `ywU Dcvwai Av‡M `ywU the e‡m ZLb Verb Plural nq|
Example:
(a) The Headmaster and
secretary of the school (to have) ___ tendered his resignation.
Ans: The Headmaster and secretary of the school has tendered
his Resignation.
(b) The Magistrate and
the collector (to be) ___ efficient officer.
Ans: The Magistrate and the collector are efficient
officer.
(c) The manager and
marketing officer (be) ___ present there.
Ans: The manager and marketing officer is present there
salary.
Rule-18: Measurement of money (UvKvi
cwigvY), Unity of distance (`yiZ¡) , Time (mgq)
cÖKvk Ki‡Z Singular Verb (is / was) e¨eüZ
nq|
Example:
(a) One hundred dollars
(be) ___ a lot of money for a bottle of wine.
Ans: One hundred dollars is a lot of money for a bottle of
wine.
(b) Two hours (be) ___ a
long time to wait for a doctor.
Ans: Two hours is a long time to wait for a doctor.
(c) 93,000,000 miles
(be) ___ the distance from the sun to the earth.
Ans: 93,000,000 miles is the distance from the sun to the
earth.
(d) Fifty miles (be) ___
a long distance.
Ans: Fifty miles is a long distance.
(e) Fifty thousand
dollars (be) ___ a big amount.
Ans: Fifty thousand dollars is a big amount.
Rule-19: Causative verbs (make, get, have, help, let, behold, watch,
feel, help) BZ¨vw`i †¶‡Î Gi c‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Verb _vK‡j H Verb ¸‡jvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| G‡`i‡K
Plain infinitive e‡j |
Structure: Sub + make,
get, have, let + verb (1) + object+ etc.
Example:
(a) Mother makes the
baby (to laugh) ___. Ans: Mother
makes the baby laugh.
(b) Plase let me (to
finish) ___ the work. Ans:
Please let me finish the work.
(c) He made me (to keep)
___ standing. Ans: He
made me keep standing.
(d) He got me (to do)
___ it. Ans:
He got me do it.
(e) I watched the star
(fall) ___. Ans:
I watched the star fall.
Rule-20: Noun in multitude, Group Noun Ges Pair Noun- Gi ci verb Gi Plural
form n‡e|
Example:
(a) The committee (be)
___ scheduled to meet at one o’clock.
Ans: The committee is scheduled to meet at one o’clock.
(b) The jury (to be) ___
going to decide about the matter.
Ans: The jury is going to decide about the matter.
(c) The committee (to
be) ___ violently on debating the merits of the proposed system.
Ans: The committee are violently on debating the merits of
the proposed system.
(d) The calls (to be) ___ arguing with one another.
Ans:
The calls are arguing
with one another.
(e)
The jury (to be) ___ divided in their opinions.
Ans: The jury were divided in their opinions.
Rule-21: As well as, with, accompanied with, along with, together
with, in addition to BZ¨vw` Øviv `ywU subject hy³ n‡j cÖ_g subject
Abyhvqx verb e‡m _v‡K|
Example:
(a) Becon as well as
Shakespeare (be) _dead. Ans: Becon as well as Shakespeare was dead.
(b) Swanan
along with his father (live) in Nishan More, Kushtia.
Ans: Swanan along with his father (live) in Nishan More, Kushtia.
(c) I with my brother
(be) ___ present there. Ans: I with my brother was present
there.
(d) They together with
me (to help) ___ the poor.
Ans: They together with me help the poor.
Rule-22: Adjective Gi c~‡e© The em‡j Adjective
wU Plural Common Noun G cwiYZ
nq| ZLb verb Gi iƒcI Plural
i“c (are
/ were / have) n‡e|
Example:
(a) The virtuous (to be)
___ always happy Ans: The
virtuous are always happy
(b) The poor (to be) ___
born to suffer. Ans: The
poor are born to suffer.
(c) The pious (to be)
___ always blessed. Ans:
The pious are always blessed.
(d) The illiterate (to
have) _been treated bitterly Ans:
The illiterate have been treated
(e) The rich (be) __ not
always happy. Ans: The
rich are not always happy.
Rule-23: ev‡K¨i Subject,
‘A number of’ n‡j Plural verb Avi ‘the number of n‡j Singular verb n‡e|
Example:
(a) A number of people
(be) ___waiting to see you.
Ans: A number of people are waiting to see you.
(b) The number of stars
in the sky (to seem) ___ countless.
Ans: The number of stars in the sky seems countless.
(c) A large number of
countries (be) ___ the members of the United Nations.
Ans: A large number of countries are the members of the United
Nations.
(d) The number of
computer soft wares (be) ___ increasing every year.
Ans: The number of computer soft wares is increasing every year.
(e) The number of
students (be) ___ increasing day by day.
Ans: The number of students is increasing day by day.
Rule-24: Prepositional Phrase hy³ inverted sentence Ges here
/ there Øviv MwVZ ev‡K¨ subject verb †K AbymiY K‡i| A_v©r, Object Abyhvqx e‡K¨ verb Gi i“c wba©wiZ nq| †hgb t
Example:
(a) There (live) __ a
mad in our village. Ans:
There lives a mad in our village.
(b) There (be) __the twenty
teachers in our school.
Ans: There are the twenty teachers in our school.
(c) There (go) a
student. Ans: There goes a student.
(d) There
(be) __many students in our school in 1913.
Ans:
There were many students in our
school in 1913.
Rule-25: Before Gi c~‡e© Past Perfect tense Ges c‡i Past
Indefinite tense n‡e| Avi after Gi c~‡e© Past
Indefinite Tense Ges after c‡i Past Perfect
tense n‡e|
Structure: (1)
Past perfect + before + Past Indefinite.
(2) Past Indefinite + after + Past Perfect Tense.
Example:
(a) The patent (die) ___
before the doctor came. Ans:
The patent had died before the doctor came.
(b) The patient died
after the doctor (come) ___. Ans:
The patient died after the doctor had come.
(c) They arrived here
after you (leave) ___. Ans: They
arrived here after you had left.
(d) We reached home
after it (start) ___ to raining.
Ans: We reached home after it had started to rain.
Rule-26: Since Gi 1g As‡k Present Tense _vK‡i c‡ii As‡k Past
Indefinite Tense n‡e wKš‘ Since
Gi 1g Ask Past Indefinite Tense Gi n‡j c‡ii As‡ k Past Perfect Tense n‡e|
Example:
(a) It is many years
since I (come) ___ to Dhaka.
Ans: It is many years since I came to Dhaka.
(b) Many years have
passed since his father (die) __.
Ans: Many years have passed since his father died.
(c) It was many years
since they first (meet) ___.
Ans: It was many years since they had first met.
(d) It was long since I
(see) ___ her last. Ans: It
was long since I had seen her last.
(e) Five years have
passed since I (see) ___ you.
Ans: Five years have passed since I saw you.
Rule-27: it is high time, it is time, wish, fancy BZ¨vw`i c‡i Past
Indefinite Tense n‡e|
Example:
(a) I fancy I (turn) ___
pale. Ans:
I fancy I turned pale.
(b) It is high time he
(change) ___ his bad habits. Ans:
It is high time he changed his bad habits.
(c) I wish I (sing) ___
a song. Ans:
I wish I sang a song.
(d) It is time we
(leave) ___ the place. Ans: It is time we left
the place.
(e) I wish I (do) ___ M.
A. Ans: I wish I did M.
A.
Rule-28: me Perfect
Tense G g~jZ verb Gi Past Participle nq| Have,
having Ges got Gi ciI verb Gi Past
participle nq|
Structure: (1) Sub +
got, made, had + noun, pronoun, adjective + etc
Example:
(a) I got the work (do)
___ by him. Ans:
I got the work done by him.
(b) I have my rice
(cook) ___. Ans:
I have my rice cooked.
(c) I had my letter
(write) ___. Ans:
I had my letter written.
(d) He ran away having
(take) ___ the money. Ans: He
ran away having taken the money.
(e) You will have (hear)
___ the name of Haji Mohsin
Ans: You will have header the name of Haji Moksin.
Rule-29: Lest hy³ ev‡K¨ conjunction wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j wØZxq
As‡ki Subject Gi c‡i Should
e‡m| Zvici g~j verb Gi Base form nq| Lest A_© GB f‡q, cv‡Q, f‡qi, wec‡`i ¶wZi GB AvksKv eySv‡e|
Example:
(a) He ran fast lest he
(miss) ___ the train.
Ans: He ran fast lest he should miss the train.
(b) Walk fast lest you (miss) ___ the class.
Ans: Walk fast lest you should miss the class.
(c) Write quickly lest
you (become) ___ late.
Ans: Write quickly lest you should become late.
(d) Read diligently lest
you (fail) ___ in the exam.
Ans: Read diligently lest you should fail in the exam.
Rule-30: †Kvb ev‡K¨ hw` One of , Each of, Each, any, every, everyone, every, thing, someone, no one,
nothing, anything, some, body, any body, any one, many, either, nether, who,
whatever cÖf„wZ Subject A_ev distributive
pronoun Ges Indefinite pronoun Gi ci Singular form nq|
Example:
(a) Nobody (be) ___ here. Ans: Nobody
is here.
(b) Everybody (help) ___
when there is a crisis.
Ans: Everybody helps when there is a crisis.
(c) Somebody (went) ___
to speak to you. Ans: Somebody
wants to speak to you.
(d) Nobody (believe) ___
a liar. Ans:
Nobody believes a liar.
(e) Everyone (be) ___
allowed. Ans:
Everyone is allowed.
Rule-31: News, politics, mathematics, physics, gallows, statistics,
ethics, economics, innings G k㸇jvi mv‡_ ÔsÕ ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g hy³ n‡q‡Q| Plural A‡_© bq| ZvB G‡`i ci verb Gi singular
form nq| Singular
Verb ej‡Z ( is, has , was I
Verb Gi
mv‡_ s /
es hy³ nIqv‡K †evSvq|)
Example:
(a) The news (be) ___ shocking
to me. Ans: The
news is shocking to me.
(b) Statistics (be) ___
my favorite subject. Ans: Statistics
is my favorite subject.
(c) Student politics
(create) ___ indiscipline in the university campus.
Ans: Student politics creates indiscipline in the
university campus.
(d) Mathematics (to be)
___ a difficult subject. Ans: Mathematics
is a difficult subject.
(e) Eithics (to be) ___
the study of moral duties principles and values.
Ans: Eithics is the study of moral duties principles and
values.
Rule-32: People, cattle, vegetables, goods, circumstances, marks,
pains, studies, works, customs, airs, premises, arms, irons, manners, quarries,
amends, pliers, tongs, parts, letters, out of sorts, out of spirits, orders BZ¨vw`i ci plural
verb e¨eüZ nq| G†`i True Plural noun ejv nq|
Example:
(a) The circumstances
(to be) ___ had. Ans:
The circumstances are had.
(b) Caules (to be) ___
grazing in the field. Ans: Caules
are grazing in the field.
(d) Vegetables (give)
___ us energy to live us. Ans: vegetables
give us energy to live us.
(e) No orders (to be)
___ yet been passed. Ans: No
orders have yet been passed.
Rule-33: Scissors, parts, trousers, spectacles G¸‡jv ej‡Z Avgiv `yB As‡k hy³ eywS e‡j G‡`i‡K pair noun ejv nq verb
plural nq|
Example:
(a) Scissors (be) ___
necessary to cut clothes. Ans: Scissors
are necessary to cut clothes.
(b) The pauls (be) ___
costly. Ans:
The pauls are costly.
(c) This trousers (suit)
___ we well. Ans:
This trousers suit we well.
(d) The spectacles
(look) ___ black. Ans:
The spectacles look black.
(e) Shorts (be) ___ very
easy to put on. Ans: Shorts
are very easy to put on.
Rule-34: Die, occur, belong, issue, continue, appear, disappear,
wonder, consist, and ensue (AbymiY Kiv).BZ¨vw` Verb Gi Passive
voice nq bv |
Example:
(a) His father (die) ___
last year. Ans:
His father died --- last year
(b) The fog (disperse)
___. Ans:
The fog .dispersed
(c) The book (belong)
___ to me. Ans:
The book belongs to me.
(d) A quarrel! (ensue)
___ at this. Ans:
A quarrel! Ensued at this
(e) Our family (consist)
___ of five members. Ans: Our
family consists of five members.
Rule-35: Sequence of Tense Abymv‡i
†Kvb Complex sentence Gi Principal
clause Gi past Tense G _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi Subordinate clause wUI Past
Tens G n‡e|
Example:
(a) He said that he
(need) ___ some money. Ans: He said that he needed
some money
(b) She replied that she
(feel) ___ better. Ans: She replied that she felt
better.
(c) I found that he (to
be) ___ ill. Ans: I found that he was ill.
(d) They said that they
(to be) ___ in a bad condition. Ans: They said that they were in
a bad condition.
(e) She believed that I
(help) ___ her. Ans: She believed that I
would help her.
36: Dozen, pair, sheep, deer, cattle G¸‡jv Plural
number G¸‡jvi ci verb plural n‡e|
Example:
(a) Twelve dozen (to be)
___ enough for me. Ans: Twelve
dozen are enough for me.
(b) The deer (to be) ___
grazing in the field. Ans: The
deer are grazing in the field.
(c) The cattle (give)
___ us flesh, milk and physical labour.
Ans: The cattle give us flesh, milk and physical labour.
(d) Two pair of shoes
(to have) ___ been bought.
Ans: Two pair of shoes have been bought.
(e) Five sheep (to be)
___ there. Ans:
Five sheep were there.
Rule-37: None of, some of, any of, all of, more of, most of BZ¨vw`i ci uncountable
noun _vK‡j Verb singular Avi hw` countable noun _v‡K Zvn‡j Verb
plural n‡e|
Example:
(a) None of the thieves
(to have) ___ been found. Ans:
None of the thieves has been found.
(b) None of the students
(to be) __ going to college. Ans:
None of the students are going to college.
(c) Some of the water
(to be) __ pure in Buriganga. Ans:
Some of the water is pure in Buriganga.
(d) Some of the
employees (to have) ___ returned. Ans:
Some of the employees have returned.
(e) Many of the boys (be)
___ playing. Ans: Many of the boys were
playing.
Rule-38: Parallel Structure A_©vr
GKB Sentence GKB ai‡bi verb Gi form emv‡bvi wbqg Gi e¨envi|
Example:
(a) I enjoy playing
cricket, watching TV and (drive) ___ a car.
Ans: I enjoy playing cricket, watching TV and driving a
car.
(b) I have already
finished the work and (checking) ___ the result.
Ans: I have already finished the work and checked the
result.
(c) The children enjoyed
watching TV and (listen) ___ to music.
Ans: The children enjoyed watching TV and listening to
music.
Rule-39: wKQy wKQy Verb Phrase
Av‡Q †h ¸‡jvi c‡i ing-verb nq| G iKg verb ¸‡jv njt Keen
on, admit to , give up, are for, be used to, think about, count on, depend on,
rely on, with a view to, leave of, look forward to, insist on, objection to,
put off, succeed in, confessed to, accustomed to, approve, of.
Example:
(a) He approves of
(know) --- about it. Ans:
He approves of knowing about it.
(b) You should give up
(to smoke) ---. Ans:
You should give up smoking.
(c) We are looking
forward to (get) --- good jobs. Ans:
We are looking forward to getting good jobs.
Rule-40: As if, as though (‡hb A‡_©) BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© Present
Tense n‡j c‡i Past Indefinite Tense n‡e Ges
c~‡e© Past Indefinite Tens ---
Past Perfect Tense n‡e|
Structure: (1) Present
indefinite + as if/ as though + subject + were / main verb Past form + etc.
N. B. As if/ as though Gi c~‡e© Past indefinite Tense _vK‡j c‡ii evK¨wU Past Perfect Tense n‡e|
Example:
(a) He talks as if he
(to be) ___ leader. Ans:
He talks as if he were leader.
(b) He speaks as though
he (know) ___ everything.
Ans: He speaks as though he knew everything.
(c) She proceeded as
though I (not speak) ___.
Ans: She proceeded as though I did not speak.
(d) He spoke as though
he (know) ___all. Ans: He
spoke as though he had known all.
(e) He behaves as if he
(do) ___ everything. Ans: He
behaves as if he did everything.
Rule-41: Correlative conjunctions; ‡hgb- Not only but .....also,
neither.... nor, either ... or Øviv MwVZ ev‡K¨i †k‡li Subject ev KZ©v Abyhv‡q Verb e‡m|
(a) Not only Ahnaf but also his friends (to
want) ___ to visit the zoo.
Ans: Not only Ahnaf but also his friends want to visit the
zoo.
(b) Not only Piash but
also all of the boys (to play) ___ cricket.
Ans: Not only Piash but also all of the boys play cricket.
(c) Neither the teacher
nor the students (write) ___ on the blackboard.
Ans: Neither the teacher nor the students write on the
blackboard.
(e) Either he or his
friends (have) ___ done the work.
Ans: Either
he or his friends have done the work.
Rule-42: Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would BZ¨vw` modal
auxiliary Gi c‡i verb Gi Present
form e‡m|
Example:
(a) You may (come) ___
tomorrow. Ans: You
may come tomorrow.
(b) I can (do) ___ the
work. Ans:
I can do the work.
(c) One should (take)
___ care of one’s health. Ans: One
should take care of one’s health.
(d) It may (rain) ___
today. Ans:
It may rain today.
(e) He could (do) ___
the sum. Ans:
He could do the sum.
Rule-43: Information, scenery, machinery, advice, furniture, news,
wages, poetry, issue, brick, hair, alphabet, luggage, politics, the United
States of America BZ¨vw` k‡ãi †Kvb Plural iƒc †bB| ZvB
G‡`i c‡i verb Gi singular
form nq|
Example:
(a) The scenery of Cox’s
Bazar (to be) __ charming.
Ans: The scenery of Cox’s Bazar is charming.
(b) The wages of sin (to
be) ___ death. Ans: The
wages of sin is death
(c) The news (come) ___
through newspaper. Ans: The
news comes through newspaper.
(d) The poetry (grow)
___ inquisitiveness to know the nightingale world.
Ans: The poetry grows inquisitiveness to know the
nightingle world
Rule-44: mvaviYZ `ywU wfbœ ai‡bi Noun
‘And’ w`‡q hy³ K‡i ev‡K¨ Subject Gi RvqMvq em‡j Ges GKwU gvÎ Abyf~wZ ev fvev_© cÖKvk Ki‡j Gi
mv‡_ S / Es hy³
Ki‡Z nq|
Example:
(a) Time and tide (wait)
___ for none. Ans:
Time and tide waits for none.
(b) Rice and curry (be)
___ our best food. Ans: Rice
and curry is our best food.
(c) Weal and woe (come)
___ by turn. Ans: Weal
and woe comes by turn.
(d) Tea and coffee (be)
___ my favorite drink. Ans: Tea
and coffee is my favorite drink.
Rule-45: mvaviYZ `ywU †Rvo msL¨v ‘and’
Øviv hy³ n‡q ev‡K¨ subject wn‡m‡e em‡j verb
singular nq Ges we‡Rvo-we‡Rvo wKsev
†Rvo-we‡Rvo Subject wn‡m‡e ‘and’ Øviv hy³ n‡j verb
plural n‡e|
Example:
(a) Two and two (make)
___ four. Ans: Two
and two makes four.
(b) Two and three (make)
___ five. Ans: Two
and three make five.
(c) Three and five
(form) ___ eight. Ans: Three
and five form eight.
(d) Four and four (make)
___ eight. Ans: Four
and four makes eight.
(e) Four and six (from)
___ ten. Ans: Four
and six from ten.
Rule-46: 1 je hy³ fMœvsk ev‡K¨ Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j verb
singular form n‡e Ges 1 e¨ZxZ Ab¨ digit je n‡j verb
plural form n‡e|
Example:
(a) One-third of the
mangoes (have) __ been eaten.
Ans: One-third of the mangoes has been eaten.
(b) Two-thirds of the
students (have) ___ come.
Ans: Two-thirds of the students have come.
(c) One-third of the
students (be) ___ given the prize.
Ans: One-third of the students is given the prize.
(d) Two-fourths of the
people (to be) ___ poor. Ans: Two-fourths of the people are
poor.
(e) Three-fourths of the
people (be) ___ joined the function.
Ans: Three-fourths of the people have joined the function.
Rule-47: ‘as if’ ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i Conjunction wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡j Ges Zv hw` ev‡K¨ †Kvb Am¤¢e Kíbv cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K, ZLb
wØZxq ev‡K¨i subject
Gi ci ‘were’ e‡m|
Example:
(a) He speaks as if he
(to be) ___ mad. Ans:
He speaks as if he were mad.
(b) He acts as though he
(to be) ___ a king. Ans: He
acts as though he were a king.
(c) She walks as if she
(be) ___ an elephant. Ans: She
walks as if she were an elephant
(d) She looks as if she
(be) ___ a moon. Ans: She
looks as if she were a moon.
(e) The prince roared as
if he (be) ___ a tiger. Ans: The
prince roared as if he were a tiger.
Rule-48: Point of time (wbw`©ó
mgq) eySv‡j since
Ges period of time (Awbw`©ó mgq) eySv‡j for e‡m| G‡¶‡Î Present
perfect continuous tense n‡e|
Example:
(a) He (read) ___ the
book for two hours. Ans:
He has reading the book for two hours.
(b) It (rain) ___ since
morning. Ans:
It has been raining since morning.
(c) I (play) ___ for an
hour. Ans:
I have been playing for an hour.
(d) The man (suffer) ___
from fever for 7 days. Ans: The man has been suffering from
fever for 7 days.
(e) It (rain) ___ for
two hours. Ans:
It has been raining for two hours.
Rule-49: What, how, when, where, whose, whom, who, why BZ¨vw` Interrogative sentence-G Tense
Abyhvqx Auxiliary verb subject Gi
c~‡e© em‡e|
Example:
(a) Where you (go) ___
yesterday? Ans:
Where did you go yesterday?
(b) What (to be) ___ the
different religions in Bangladesh?
Ans: What are the different religions in Bangladesh?
(c) What you (want) ___? Ans: What
do you want?
(d) How he (come) ___
here yesterday? Ans: How did
he come here yesterday?
(e) Why you (like) ___
traveling? Ans: Why
do you like traveling?
Rule-50: All Gi c‡i Plural verb e‡m wKš‘ cÖev` ev‡K¨ ev Proverbial word Gi c‡i verb
singular nq|
Example:
(a) All men (to be) ___
present. Ans: All
men were present.
(b) All that glitters
(to be) ___ not gold. Ans: All
that glitters is not gold.
(c) All boys (work) ___
together. Ans: All
boys work together.
(d) All (face) --- their
own fate. Ans: All
face their own fate.
Rule-51: Complex sentence Gi Subordinate clause wU‡Z hw` than,
as.....as, as to, more than BZ¨vw` conjunction _v‡K Zvn‡j Principal
clause Past Tense n‡jI Subordinate clause wU †h
†Kvb Tense Gi n‡Z cv‡i|
Example:
(a) Mr Helal, Our
English teacher, loved me more than he (love) ___ other students
Ans: Mr Helal, Our English teacher, loved me more than he loves/loved
other students
(b) Shahin was as
intelligent as his sister (to be) ___. Ans: Shahin was as
intelligent as his sister was/is.
(c) You were as to your
brother (to be) ___. Ans: You
were as to your brother is/ was.
(d) He worked her than
he (think) ___.
Ans: He worked her than he thinks/ thought.
(e) Insan is as popular
as Mr Shamim (be) ___. Ans: Insan
is as popular as Mr Shamim is.
Rule-52: Many Gi c‡i a _vK‡j verb Singular
n‡e Avi many Gi c~‡e© a em‡j cieZ©x noun I verb plural n‡e|
Example:
(a) Many a man (to be)
___ present in the party. Ans:
Many a man was present in the party.
(b) A great many books
(to be) __ bought yesterday.
Ans: A great many books were bought yesterday.
(c) Many a boy (come)
___ to me for help.
Ans: Many a boy comes to me for help.
(d) A great many people
(to be) ___ present in the meeting.
Ans: A great many people were present in the meeting.
(e) Many a man (get) ___
the prize of the flattery.
Ans: Many a man gets the prize of the flattery.
Rule-53: Relative pronoun who/ which/ that Gi ci k~b¨¯’vb †`qv _vK‡j be verb wU relative pronoun Gi antecedent (A_©vr c~e©eZ©x noun/ pronoun) Gi person
I number Ges sequence of Tense Abymv‡i n‡e|
Structure: It is + Pronoun/
person + whom hy³ evK¨vsk|
Example:
(a) It is I who (be) ___
present in the class.
Ans: It is I who am/ was/ will be present in the class.
(b) The students who
(be) ___ absent yesterday must stand up.
Ans: The students who were absent yesterday must stand up.
(c) It is you who (be)
___ their teacher.
Ans: It is you who are their teacher.
(d) This is the book
which (be) ___ an effective grammar.
Ans: This is the book which is an effective grammar.
(e) This is the house
that (to be) ___ once a storied house.
Ans: This is the house that was once a storied house.
Rule-54: ev‡K¨i Subject hw` wbw®‹q nq Zvn‡j Passive
voice nq|
(a) The work can be (do) ___ within a month.
Ans: The work can be done within a month.
(b) The book must
(finish) ___ immediately.
Ans: The book must be finished immediately.
(c) The letter (write)
___ for an hour.
Ans: The letter has been written for an hour.
(d) The voice (hear) ___
at midnight. Ans: The
voice was heard at midnight.
(e) The table (remove)
___ at night. Ans: The
table was removed at night.
Rule-55: wbb¥wjwLZ verb+ noun/ pronoun Gi ci k~Y¨¯’v‡b verb †`Iqv _vK‡j Zv infinitive
(s + v + n /p + infinitive) n‡e|
(a) Mother asked me (go) ___ to bed. Ans: Mother
asked me to go to bed.
(b) He helped me (do) ___
it. Ans:
He helped me to do/do it.
(c) My father advised me
(read) ___ regularly. Ans: My
father advised me to read regularly.
(d) He requested you
(cut) ___ the budget. Ans: He
requested you to cut the budget.
(e) None should (teach)
___ to follow him/ her. Ans: None
should teach to follow him/ her.
Rule-56: Gerund, infinitive A_ev verbal noun Gi ci verb
singular n‡e|
(a) (walk)___ in the morning is a good
exercise.
Ans: To walk/ walking in the
morning is a good exercise.
(b) (take) ___ physical
exercise helps one to be fit.
Ans: To take/taking physical
exercise helps one to be fit.
(c) (eat) ___ balanced
diet is health rule.
Ans: Eating balanced diet is health
rule.
(d) The reading of
newspaper ___ us a lot to learn more.
Ans: The reading of newspaper helps us a lot to learn
more.
(e) Swimming is the best
practice to keep body ___.
Ans: Swimming is the best practice
to keep body fit.
Rule-57: Ask, demand, desire, insist, prefer, ignore, propose,
request, suggest, urge BZ¨vw` present tense G _vK‡j Ges G`‡i c‡i that _vK‡j complement
wUi g~j verb Gi present form nq|
(a) I request that the matter (be) ___ secret.
Ans: I request that the matter be secret.
(b) She ignored the
suggestion that she (get) ___ more exercise.
Ans: She ignored the suggestion that she get more
exercise.
(c) He proposes me that
we always (remove) ___ disputes.
Ans: He proposes me that we always remove disputes.
(d) He urges me that we
(not barging) ___.Ans: He urges me that we do not bargain.
(e) None suggests that
the process (be) _wrong. Ans: None
suggests that the process is wrong.
Rule-58: Principal clause Gi verb wU hw` present/
Future tense Gi nq, Z‡e Subordinate clause Gi verb ‡h †Kvb form n‡Z cv‡i|
(a) Mina
says/ will say that she (go) ___ back to market.
Ans: Mina says/ will say that she goes back to market.
(b) Luna says that she
(study) ___ law. Ans:
Luna says that she will study law.
(c) They will say that
none (defeat) ___ him. Ans: They
will say that none defeats him.
(d) I say to him that we
(settle) ___ the disputes.
Ans: I say to him that we will settle the disputes.
(e) Many said to me that
time and tide (wait) ___ for none.
Ans: Many said to me that time and tide waits for none.
Rule-59: ‘And’ Øviv hy³ `ywU clause Gi verb GKB tense
Gi n‡e| G‡K parallelism
e‡j|
(a) He went to market
and (buy) ___ a new shirt.
Ans: He went to market and bought a new shirt.
(b) He was (sing) ___,
(dance) ___ and (enjoy) ___.
Ans: He was singing, dancing
and enjoy.
(c) She has gone and
(lock) ___ the door. Ans: She has gone and locked
the door.
(d) He laughs and
(speak) ___ and (cry) ___. Ans:
He laughs and speaks and cries.
(e) You should write,
(read) ___ and (memorize) ___.
Ans: You should write, read and memorize.
Rule-60: Main clause Gi verb wU Past tense Gi n‡j Ges c‡ii As‡k next Gi c‡i day,
week, month, year cÖf„wZi D‡j−L _vK‡i D³ As‡k would e‡m Ges eªv‡K‡Ui verb wUi Present
form nq|
(a) He said that (buy) ___ a computer the next
day.
Ans: He said that would buy a
computer the next day.
(b) I told them that I
(go) ___ there.
Ans: I told them that I would go there.
(c) He said that he
would (do) ___ better.
Ans: He said that he would do better.
(d) I told him that they
would (resign) ___ next day. Ans: I told him that they would resign
next day.
